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(詳細はdiplomatic history of the United States oscillated among three positions: isolation from diplomatic entanglements of other (typically European) nations (but with economic connections to the world); alliances with European and other military partners; and unilateralism, or operating on its own sovereign policy decisions. The U.S. always was large in terms of area, but its population was small, only 4 million in 1790. Population growth was rapid, reaching 7.2 million in 1810, 32 million in 1860, 76 million in 1900, 132 million in 1940, and 316 million in 2013. Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even faster. However the nation's military strength was quite limited in peacetime before 1940. Brune (2003) and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. ''The Almanac of American History'' (1983) have specifics for many incidents. ==18th century== * 1776 - Thirteen Colonies declared independence as the United States of America on July 2; Declaration of Independence adopted on July 4 * 1776 - Three commissioners sent to Europe to negotiate treaties * 1777 - European officers recruited to Continental Army, including Marquis de Lafayette, Johann de Kalb, Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, and Tadeusz Kościuszko * 1777 - France decides to recognize America in December after victory at Saratoga, New York * 1778 - Treaty of Alliance with France. Negotiated by Benjamin Franklin, the U.S. and France agreed to a military alliance; France sends naval and land forces, and much-needed munitions. * 1778 - Carlisle Peace Commission sent by Great Britain; offers Americans all the terms they sought in 1775, but not independence; rejected. * 1779 - Spain enters the war as an ally of France (but not of America); John Jay appointed minister to Spain; he obtains money but not recognition * 1779 - John Adams sent to Paris, France to negotiate peace terms with Great Britain * 1780- Russia proclaims "armed neutrality" which helps Allies * 1780-81 - Russia and Austria propose peace terms; rejected by Adams. * 1781 - Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens and Thomas Jefferson named to assist Adams in peace negotiations; the Congress of the Confederation insists on independence; all else is negotiable :— Robert R. Livingston named first United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs * 1782 - The Dutch Republic recognizes American independence and signs treaty of commerce and friendship; Dutch bankers loan US$2 million for war supplies * 1783 - Treaty of Paris ends Revolutionary War; U.S. boundaries confirmed as British North America (Canada) on north, Mississippi River on west, Florida on south. Britain gives Florida to Spain. * 1783 - A commercial treaty with Sweden〔See (text )〕 * 1784 - British allow trade with America but forbid some American food exports to West Indies; British exports to America reach £3.7 million, imports only £750,000; imbalance causes shortage of gold in U.S. :— May 7 Congress votes to begin negotiations with Morocco.〔Fremont-Barnes, Gregory ''The Wars of the Barbary Pirates'', London: Osprey, 2006 page 13〕 :— New York–based merchants open trade with China , followed by Salem, Boston and Philadelphia merchants. :— October 11 Moroccan corsair seizes the American ship ''Betsey'' and enslaves the crew; the Moroccans demand that the U.S pay a ransom to release the crew and a treaty to pay tribute to avoid future such incidents.〔 * 1785 - Adams appointed first minister to Court of St James's (Great Britain); Jefferson replaces Franklin as minister to France. :— March 11 Congress votes to appropriate $80, 000 to pay in tribute to the Barbary states of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli.〔 :— July 9 The Moroccans release the ''Betsy'' and her crew.〔 :— July 25 Algerine pirates seizes the American ship ''Maria'' off the coast of Portugal; Algiers declares war on the U.S, and the ''dey'' Muhammad V of Algiers demands that the U.S. pay $1 million in tribute to end the war.〔 *1785-86 - A commercial treaty with Prussia〔See (link )〕 *1786 :— March 25 A team of American diplomats arrive in Algiers to begin talks on paying tribute and a ransom to free the enslaved American sailors.〔 :— June 23 Moroccan-American treaty is signed in the U.S. agrees to pay tribute to Morocco in exchange for a promise that Moroccan corsairs will not attack American ships.〔 * 1789 - Jay–Gardoqui Treaty with Spain, gave Spain exclusive right to navigate Mississippi River for 30 years; not ratified due to western opposition :— March 1 United States Congress succeeds Congress of the Confederation :— July 27 Department of Foreign Affairs signed into law :— September, changed to Department of State; Jefferson appointed; John Jay continues to act as foreign affairs secretary until Jefferson's return from France; from 1789 to 1883. Much of the routine overseas business is the responsibility of navy officers. * 1792 :— February 22 Congress votes to send another team of diplomats to Algiers to pay a ransom for the enslaved Americans and to negotiate a tribute treaty.〔 * 1793–1815 - Major worldwide war between Great Britain and France (and their allies); America neutral until 1812 and does business with both sides * 1794 -:— March 20 Congress votes to establish a navy and to spend $1 million building six frigates.〔 Birth of the United States navy. * 1795 - :— June 24 Jay Treaty with Britain. Averts war, opens 10 years of peaceful trade with Britain, fails to settle neutrality issues; British eventually evacuate western forts; boundary lines and debts (in both directions) to be settled by arbitration. Barely approved by Senate (1795) after revision; intensely opposed, became major issue in formation of First Party System. :— September 5 United States signs a treaty agreeing to pay tribute to Algiers in exchange for which the ''dey'' Ali Hassan will free the 85 surviving American slaves.〔 The treaty with Algiers is considered a national humiliation. * 1796 - Treaty of Madrid established boundaries with the Spanish colonies of Florida and Louisiana and guaranteed navigation rights on the Mississippi River. It becomes law. :— July 11 Algiers frees the 85 American slaves.〔 :— The pasha Yusuf Karamanli of Tripoli, hoping for a similar treaty that Algiers has achieved starts attacking and seizing American ships.〔 * 1797 - :— President Adams asks Congress to spend more money on the navy and to arm American merchantmen in response to the Barbary pirate attacks.〔Fremont-Barnes, Gregory ''The Wars of the Barbary Pirates'', London: Osprey, 2006 page 14〕 :— August 28 Treaty of Tripoli; treaty with Barbary state of Tripoli approved unanimously by Senate and signed into law by President John Adams on June 10; states "the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion." * 1798 - XYZ Affair; humiliation by French diplomats; threat of war with France * 1798–1800 - Quasi-War; undeclared naval war with France. * 1800 - :— April Tripoli threatens war if the U.S. does not pay more tribute.〔Fremont-Barnes, Gregory ''The Wars of the Barbary States'', London: Osprey, 2006 page 14.〕 :— July The Tripolitan warship ''Tripolino'' takes the American merchantman ''Catherine'' and enslaves the crew.〔 Much outrage in the U.S. :— September 30 Convention of 1800 (Treaty of Mortefontaine) with France ends the Quasi-War and ends alliance of 1778. The treaty frees up the U.S. Navy for operations against the Barbary pirates.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of United States diplomatic history」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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